High shear pipeline tape

ABSTRACT

A high shear adhesive tape having an adhesive layer containing a rubber mix and at least one tackifier agent, the rubber mix including an effective amount of a crosslinked halogenated butyl rubber, the remaining rubber in the mix being non-crosslinked, the non-crosslinked rubber preferably being butyl rubber, the adhesive layer further being characterized as being free of any crosslinking agent for the remaining rubber in the mix; and pipewrap systems employing this tape.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Metal pipelines intended for implantation in the ground require protection from corrosion and other degradative environmental forces. Consequently, the patent literature is replete with references to various types of coatings and tapes for protecting these pipelines.

One such protective system which has achieved great commercial success utilizes the combination of a rubber-based primer coating applied to the outer surface of the metal pipe and then overwrapped with an adhesive tape comprising a rubber-based adhesive carried on the inner surface of a backing material, most preferably an impact-resistant material resisting damage from falling rocks and the like.

The present invention is directed to providing an adhesive tape having improved resistance to shear and hence referred to hereinafter as a "high shear" adhesive tape.

As known in the art and well described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,472,231 issued to Robert F. Jenkins, anti-corrosion protective adhesive tapes ("pipewraps") that are applied to inground pipeline structures are often subjected to rather severe long-term shearing forces derived from the surrounding soil. The magnitude of these shearing forces depends upon several factors, including: (1) the type of soil; (2) the tectonic forces surrounding the implanted pipeline; (3) the diameter of the pipe, (4) the axial site emplacement; and (5) the range of thermal expansion of the pipe as well as its contents.

As is known, frictional forces acting between the pipewrap and the surrounding soil are the primary source of shear stress. These frictional forces are here defined as the product of the frictional coefficient between the outer surface of the pipewrap and the soil and the normal force acting around the pipe. Since the coefficient of friction depends upon both the nature of the outer surface of the protective pipewrap as well as the surrounding soil, it will be understood to vary in different usages.

Other factors having importance in these considerations are the weight of the soil above the pipe, as well as the weight of the pipe, including its contents. In addition, since the normal force will vary depending on the axial position around the pipe diameter, the frictional force and hence the shearing force will also be found to vary around the diameter of the pipe.

The result of long-term shear forces on the pipewrap system is referred to as "soil stress". Soil stress on anti-corrosion protective pipewraps generally results from the structural shear forces which cause the pipewrap to creep along the pipeline peripheral surface.

Creep is, in essence, a long-term visco-elastic, or "cold-flow" phenomenon, common to all polymeric substances. The amount of creep, however, will depend upon the physical properties of the pipewrap's adhesive coating. Since these physical properties (i.e. modulus) will be temperature dependent, temperature becomes a decisive element in determining the amount of creep. At low temperatures, the propensity of the protective coating of the pipewrap to creep will be substantially reduced, while at elevated temperatures the likelihood of creep will be significantly increased, other factors remaining the same.

The aforementioned Jenkins 4,472,231 patent is directed to providing a pipewrap system providing increased shear resistance, i.e. a high shear pipewrap or adhesive tape. The starting point of the Jenkins inventive concept is thought to reside in the statement in the patent system to the effect that when a rubber-based adhesive system is crosslinked, (1) the resistance to creep is increased; (2) the overall dimensional stability is improved; and (3) it is more resistant to heat distortion. These crosslinking effects are said to be generally intensified as the crosslink density is increased and can therefore be controlled by adjusting the number of crosslinks in the adhesive coating.

The Jenkins invention as described and claimed in the patent is a specified crosslinking system which comprises the combination of a particular primer coating applied to the outer surface of the metal pipe and a particular overlying rubber-based adhesive tape. Specifically, the primer coating comprises a blend of natural rubber, resins and a lead oxide crosslinking activator coated with organotitanate prior to incorporation in the primer coating; and the adhesive tape comprises a polyolefin backing material carrying a blend of virgin butyl rubber and reclaimed butyl rubber and which is initially partially crosslinked with p-quinone dioxime crosslinking agent, a tackifier, and a residual amount of unreacted p-quinone dioxime crosslinking agent.

In the claimed system, it is stated that when the pipe is placed in the ground, in situ crosslinking occurs at the primer-adhesive surface as well as throughout the primer layer and the adhesive layer in the presence of the elevated temperature of the pipeline and its contents.

However, as stated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,529 issued to Elwyn G. Huddleston (one of the instant joint applicants) and assigned to The Kendall Company, assignee of the Jenkins patent as well:

"It will be noted that the two-component system of Jenkins relies upon what the patentee describes in essence as a high speed additional crosslinking obtained by employing p-quinone dioxime as crosslinker and metal oxide, preferably lead dioxide, activator surface-treated with organo-titanate. The increased speed obtained thereby was thought to be critical to the solution of the task of the invention.

"While the patented system was entirely satisfactory in small-scale manufacture of an anti-corrosion pipewrap system, it nevertheless suffered from certain deficiencies making it impractical in the larger scale commercial manufacture of the system.

"Specifically, it has been found that the operating conditions taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,472,231 do not provide a procedure which is processable in a Banbury mixer in commercial production of the adhesive. Repeated attempts to implement the teachings of the `231 patent on production equipment immediately resulted in lumpy adhesive."

Accordingly, it was specifically acknowledged in a commonly assigned patent application that the invention described in the Jenkins patent failed to provide a high shear tape for commercial production.

Since a high shear tape which was capable of commercial manufacture was still desired, subsequent research and development at The Kendall Company to solve the lumping problem in the Jenkins system then resulted in two inventions by the aforementioned Elwyn G. Huddleston.

The first filed of these two Huddleston inventions, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,529, solved the problem by providing a system in which no crosslinking occurs in the Banbury. Instead, the initial crosslinking required to provide an adhesive tape is obtained by employing in the Banbury mix a commercially available crosslinked butyl ("Kalar", trademark of Hardman, Inc.). In other words, the rubber components to be admixed with the tackifier and other ingredients in the Banbury to form the "premix" will consist of partially pre-crosslinked virgin butyl and a non-crosslinked virgin butyl rubber. Optionally, a portion of the virgin butyl may be, and preferably will be replaced by reclaimed butyl rubber, in which event the premix will contain a blend of partially crosslinked virgin butyl, non-crosslinked virgin butyl and reclaimed butyl rubber. The resulting premix will be effectively free of any crosslinking agent other than any inconsequential trace amounts of unreacted crosslinker that may be contained in the rubbers.

In any case, it is stated that the degree of partial crosslinking of the butyl rubber prior to mixing with the other components in the Banbury to form the premix dispersion may vary within a wide range to provide a coatable rubber-based adhesive formulation. It may, for example, be on the order of 35 to 75%.

It is next stated in the patent that, in general, the proportions of partially crosslinked rubber in the total rubber blend will vary inversely to the percentage of crosslinking, i.e., the greater the percentage of crosslinking within the above-noted 35-75% range, the lesser the amount of pre-crosslinked rubber is to be in the premix. While the determination of the precise amounts which may be desired for optimum results will be within the expected judgment of the skilled worker, it may be said that the amount of partially crosslinked rubber to be employed in the premix will be on the order of from about 8 to about 48%, depending upon the degree of crosslinking, the remainder being virgin butyl and reclaimed rubber.

By way of further illustration, it is then recited that when a 55% pre-crosslinked butyl is employed, it has been found that the amount of this pre-crosslinked butyl should be on the order of from about 13 to about 30% by weight of the total rubber blend. In other words, the rubber blend in the premix should comprise from about 13 to about 30% by weight of 55% pre-crosslinked butyl.

In a separate mixing step, the premix as described above is then admixed with an effective amount of a crosslinking agent necessary for the inground in situ crosslinking of the primer, primer-adhesive interface and the further crosslinking of the adhesive coating itself, in accordance with the teachings of the aforementioned Jenkins patent. Without the addition of crosslinking agent for inground in situ crosslinking, there is not enough crosslinked rubber present in the adhesive to obtain the desired shear resistance.

In the paragraph bridging Cols. 8 and 9, it is reported that the Huddleston system gave "comparable satisfactory protection, including creep resistance, to the Jenkins `231 system. Specifically, after 48 hours conditioning above the ground! at 85° C. 185°F.! the shear rate will not exceed 10-⁸ meters/second. It is noted, however, that the force exerted is not defined.

While the Huddleston `529 system does in fact achieve improved resistance to creep and has enjoyed substantial commercial success for many years now, and still does, it nevertheless suffers from certain deficiencies. The most significant of these deficiencies is that it requires in situ crosslinking on the pipe and the heat required for this in situ crosslinking may not in fact be available. Even on hot gas lines, many weeks or months may pass before the line is so heated.

Moreover, with the passing years, due to changes in the temperature and the flow of liquids and gases through inground pipelines there is now a need for still greater shear resistance than what existed at the time of the Huddleston invention that resulted in his `529 patent.

Referring back to Jenkins, it is stated in Col. 2 that adhesive resistance to flow or creep is improved by introducing crosslinks between the component rubber chains. It is also stated that the "crosslinking effects are generally intensified as the crosslink density is increased, and can therefore be controlled by adjusting the number of crosslinks in the adhesive coating.

With this in mind, attention is now invited back to the Huddleston patent.

In discussing the ranges of pre-crosslinked butyl that may be employed (Col. 6 of the patent), it is stated that "the degree of partial crosslinking of the butyl rubber . . . may vary within a wide range to prove sic! a coatable rubber-based adhesive composition" (emphasis added). "prove" is obviously a typographical error. It is thought clear that "provide" was intended.!

In other words, while not explicitly stated in the patent, it is implicitly clear that the constraints on the amounts of crosslinked butyl in the adhesive are due to the ability to coat the product. If the adhesive is too viscous due to excessive crosslinking, it will not be "coatable" to provide a tape.

Accordingly, a need now exists to provide a pipewrap carrying a rubber-based adhesive layer which has more than 13-30% by weight of the total blend mixture crosslinked 55%, i.e. with a maximum of about 16.5% of its crosslinkable sites crosslinked, as taught in the `529 patent and still not be so viscous as not to be coatable on a tape backing.

Secondly, the in situ crosslinking required by the Jenkins system requires heat in the ground. Lord Chemical Co., supplier of p-quinone dioxime crosslinker states that the minimum activation temperature for this to occur is around 165° F. However, many if not most pipelines never reach that temperature. Even assuming arguendo that they eventually did achieve that temperature, there would still be a time lag in the added crosslinking protection by the contemplated in situ crosslinking which is necessary to provide the desired shear resistance. This time lag before the pipeline is fully protected by the overlying pipewrap may be weeks or even months in the ground at a temperature between ground temperature and the 165° F. minimum activation temperature. During this time lag, the previously mentioned sheer forces are working on the pipe coating.

While the manufacturing constraints in a commercial system are of course of lesser concern than the performance of the product, it will nevertheless be readily understood that anything that contributes to the cost of manufacture is always of concern and, consequently, very significant improvement for the manufacturer and supplier of the product will then lie in a more cost-efficient method of manufacture of an otherwise similar product in terms of performance by the end user.

In addition to the purchase and storage of the "conventional" or non-crosslinked butyl, a source of supply must be found for the pre-crosslinked butyl, the cost of which, incidentally, is very high; or, alternatively it must be manufactured in house for use in the adhesive premix. Secondly, additional warehouse storage is required for the pre-crosslinked butyl. Next, a separate manufacturing step is required downstream from the Banbury premix in order to add the crosslinker required for the in ground crosslinking. Finally, crosslinker and activator must be present at this downstream step. As will be appreciated with anyone familiar with plant manufacture, it would be most desirable for any or all of these criteria to be obviated.

Finally, the second of the two Huddleston inventions alluded to above was the subject matter of Ser. No. 843,943 filed Mar. 25, 1986 and now abandoned. However, although abandoned, the subject matter is disclosed in Col. 4 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,692,352 of Huddleston. As disclosed therein, the `943 application relates to an alternate approach to solving the problem with the Jenkins system wherein the partially crosslinked premix is provided by crosslinking in the Banbury with a phenolic resin crosslinking agent in lieu of the p-quinone dioxime of Jenkins. It is disclosed that "the premix will comprise a mixture of virgin butyl rubber and/or halogenated butyl rubber alone or in combination with reclaimed rubber, the virgin and/or halogenated butyl rubber being partially crosslinked by the phenolic resin crosslinking agent.

The last-mentioned patent application suffers from some of the same deficiencies previously mentioned. Specifically, shear resistance will not be provided until the inground temperature of at least 165° F. required for in situ crosslinking is reached. As heretofore noted, this may not in fact occur. Even if it does, there will be a time lag in the protection to the pipe both above ground and after inground implantation until this temperature is reached.

The foregoing detailed discussion, which Applicants consider necessary for a full comprehension of the nature and objects of the present invention, constitutes all of the prior art known to Applicants relating to high shear rubber-based tapes. It will of course be understood that further art not presently known to Applicants may in fact exist.

Stated simply, the task of the present invention is to provide a high shear pipewrap system obviating all of the deficiencies in the above-mentioned systems and which, most significantly, provides optimum creep resistance for modern day pipelines.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, this task is solved in an elegant and cost-effective manner by including in the rubber component of the adhesive an amount of crosslinked halogenated butyl rubber effective to provide a predetermined desired improvement in shear resistance, as will be discussed in more detail hereinafter. In other words, the rubber employed in the adhesive will contain crosslinked halogenated butyl rubber as well as the other rubbers generally employed in pipewraps, e.g. butyl rubber. However, unlike the systems previously described directed to a high shear tape, in the practice of the present invention, the halogenated butyl is the only rubber in the mix which is required to be crosslinked.

Preferably the crosslinking of the halogenated butyl rubber will take place in the Banbury or other mixer employed in the manufacture of the adhesive, in which case the mix will also contain a crosslinking agent specific to the halo substituent so that the halogenated butyl is crosslinked in the presence of the cross-linking agent to the exclusion of the other rubber components,

In the preferred embodiments, the rubber mixture will consist of about 30% halogenated butyl based on the total weight of rubber in the mixture, the remaining 70% of the rubber being butyl rubber and, most preferably, a blend of virgin butyl and reclaimed butyl rubber.

An important feature of the present invention is that only the halogenated butyl need be crosslinked and that all crosslinking that is required to protect the pipe is provided by the time the rubber mix leaves the Banbury. When an adhesive tape having a backing containing an adhesive layer including this rubber mix along with the other ingredients in the adhesive is wound over the primer-coated pipe, the pipe is then provided with the maximum protection the system is capable of providing and this occurs before inground plantation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As was previously mentioned, the present invention is directed to a pipewrap system for protecting pipes implanted in the ground, and, more particularly, to an adhesive tape for such systems exhibiting improved resistance to the problem of creep or shear inherent in such systems.

While various systems for protecting pipes in the ground against corrosion and other degradative forces have enjoyed commercial use as well as being reported in the patent literature, the present invention is directed particularly to those systems wherein the pipe surface is first coated with a liquid rubber-based primer and thereafter a rubber-based adhesive tape (a so-called "pipewrap") is spirally wrapped in overlapped relationship over the thus applied primer coating.

The starting point for the present invention comprises a rubber-based adhesive carried on a backing of the type well known in the art for protecting inground pipes. In general these tapes consist of a sheet material, preferably an impact-resistant material such as polyethylene or polypropylene carrying on one surface thereof an adhesive layer consisting of one or more rubbers and at least one tackifying agent providing the desired adhesiveness to the rubber mix. Typically, the rubber component will comprise butyl rubber and most preferably the butyl rubber will consist of a mixture of virgin butyl rubber and reclaimed butyl rubber. These are the essential ingredients of the adhesive layer for these pipewraps. Of course, the adhesive layer may and preferably will contain other reagents performing specific desired functions.

As previously mentioned, in accordance with the present invention, the adhesive layer of the pipewrap will contain, in addition to the other rubber materials, an effective amount of crosslinked halogenated butyl rubber. As used herein, the term "effective amount" means an amount effective to provide increased resistance to shear of on the order of at least 100% more than would be obtainable if the rubber mix did not contain the crosslinked halogenated butyl, the other components being non-crosslinked rubbers.

While defining the amount of halogenated butyl to be employed by the recitation of "effective amount" is thought to be the most specific way to define the limitation of the amounts to be present, it has been found that amounts of crosslinked halogenated butyl up to 45% by weight, based upon the total weight of rubber in the adhesive are contemplated as being useful, 30% by weight of crosslinked halogenated butyl being most preferred.

As will be readily understood by those skilled in the art, the upper limits of the amount of halogenated butyl to be employed will be governed by two factors: (1) since the viscosity of the adhesive mix will increase directly proportional to the increase in crosslinks, obviously the mix should not be too viscous for further processing, namely coating onto the backing; and (2) from the economic standpoint inherent in all commercial manufacture, it should not exceed the point where no further advantage is obtained by the increase.

Useful halogenated butyls contemplated by this invention include those known in the art and commercially available, namely the known chlorobutyls and bromobutyls.

While it is conceived that one may possibly start with "pre-crosslinked halogenated butyl", it is preferred that the crosslinking occur in the Banbury or other mixer containing the other ingredients of the adhesive. However, since it is only necessary in the practice of this invention that the halogenated butyl be crosslinked, the crosslinking agent included in the Banbury rubber mix will be a crosslinker specific to the halo substituent(s) of the halogenated butyl rubber. This is simply because no crosslinking of the other rubbers in the rubber mix is contemplated or desired, either before inground implantation of the pipe or after the pipe is in the ground. The preferred crosslinker for this purpose is zinc oxide.

The preferred rubber for the rubber mix in addition to the crosslinked halogenated butyl is butyl rubber, preferably a mixture of virgin butyl and reclaimed butyl rubber.

The only other essential ingredient for the adhesive is that it contain one or more tackifying resins providing the requisite adhesiveness to the coating. The particular tackifier(s) to be employed will be a matter of individual choice within the expected judgment of the skilled worker. They may be selected from a long list including: rosins such as gum, wood, or tall oil rosin; modified rosins, e.g. polymerized rosin or hydrogenated rosin; rosin esters such as pentaerythritol-wood rosin, glycerine-hydrogenated rosin, glycerine-highly stabilized rosin, and a pentaerythritol-highly stabilized rosin; polymerized petroleum hydrocarbons, e.g. cycloaliphatic hydrogenated olefins, olefins, aliphatic hydrocarbons, modified aromatic hydrocarbons, dicyclopentadiene, mixed olefins, alkyl-aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons, modified aromatic hydrocarbons; polymerized terpenes such as α-pinene, d-limonene, β-pinene, terpene, etc.; miscellaneous resins such as α-methyl styrene-vinyl toluene, α-methyl styrene, terpene phenolic, courmarone-indenes, and the like.

While the foregoing constitutes the essential ingredients, it is to be expressly understood that the adhesives of this invention may additionally contain other reagents performing specific desired functions, e.g. antioxidants, bactericides, fillers, pigments, plasticizers, etc.

The tapes contemplated by this invention may possess thicknesses comparable to those of the prior art. For example, the backing, preferably a polyolefin such as polyethylene characterized as being impact-resistant, may be on the order of 5-30 mils thick, most preferably on the order of 8-15 mils thick; while the adhesive layer contained on one surface of the backing may also be on the order of 5-30 mils thick, most preferably on the order of 7-21 mils thick.

The following examples show by way of illustration and not by way of limitation the practice of this invention.

EXAMPLE 1

    ______________________________________                                         Charge #  Description         Weight (lbs)                                     ______________________________________                                         Banbury Formulation                                                            1         Chloro butyl 1066 (EXXON)                                                                          31.00                                            1         Butyl reclaim       52.00                                            1         Butyl virgin        21.00                                            1         Agerite Stalite S   1.20                                             1         Salicylanilide      0.04                                             2         Wood Rosin          5.00                                             2         Clay filler         80.00                                            2         Zinc oxide          10.00                                            3         Indopol H-100 (polybutene tackifier)                                                               10.00                                            4         Indopol H-100       10.00                                                                          220.24                                           Mill Mix                                                                                 Banbury mix (from above)                                                                           220.24                                                     Escorez 1102/Piccopale 100 tackifier                                                               43.00                                                      Limestone           10.00                                                                          273.24                                           ______________________________________                                    

The conditions for the mixing in the Banbury were set as follows:

    ______________________________________                                                 Ram          90 psi                                                            Coolant      115° F.                                            ______________________________________                                    

The four-charge mix was made as follows:

Charge 1 Mix 21/2 minutes (±240° F.); Rotor Speed 60 RPM

Charge 2 Mix 11/2 minutes (±265° F.); Rotor Speed 60 RPM

Charge 3 Mix 11/2 minutes (±285° F.); Rotor Speed 90 RPM

Charge 4 Mix to 340° F. minimum; Rotor Speed 90 RPM

The resulting mix was then milled on a two-roll mill along with the other of the above-mentioned mill mix materials. It was then calendered onto a 9.0 mil thick polyethylene backing to provide an adhesive layer 7.0 mils thick. The resulting tape was identified as X-97041.

EXAMPLE 2

Using commercially available products from the Polyken Division of The Kendall Company, the following control samples were prepared for comparison to the X-97041 tape of Example 1 illustrating the present invention.

Materials

Polyken 980-25-Standard commercial pipeline tape, but not sold for high shear applications, using the Polyken 919 Primer recommended for use with the 980-25 tape.

Polyken 2036-25-High temperature product for primed steel pipe with continuous operating temperature up to 200° F. (the embodiment of Huddleston U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,529), using the Polyken 2027 Primer recommended for use with the 2036-25 tape.

Samples and Testing

All samples were prepared in the same way. Primer was applied to steel plates. After drying, the tape was applied to the primed surface of the steel plate and rolled with a 4.5 pound roller to assure that any air bubbles were eliminated. The samples were then conditioned for 24 hours at room temperature (23° C.) under a dead weight to assure maximum surface contact. These conditions approximate the condition of the tapes when actually applied under field conditions.! One additional sample (No. 4 in the following table of test results) was prepared as above, except that it was conditioned for 48 hours at 85° C. to effect the in situ curing referenced in prior patents and to simulate what would occur in the ground if that temperature was in fact obtained. The samples were then tested for resistance to shear using an Instron testing device set to move at one mm. per minute. The Instron records the maximum force which the sample will withstand before movement (failure)

    ______________________________________                                         TABLE OF RESULTS                                                               (Tested at 23° C.)                                                      Sample No.                                                                             Tape      Primer     Shear Resistance (oz/inch)                        ______________________________________                                         1       X-97041   Renfrew 319                                                                               413                                               2       980-25    Polyken 9l9                                                                               197                                               3       2036-25   Polyken 2027                                                                              241                                               4       2036-25   Polyken 2027                                                                              334                                               ______________________________________                                    

To verify that this difference is maintained at elevated temperatures, samples 1 and 4 were made again as Samples 5 and 6, respectively, conditioned at 80° C. and then tested at 80° C.

    ______________________________________                                         TABLE OF RESULTS                                                               (Tested at 80° C.)                                                      Sample No.                                                                             Tape      Primer     Shear Resistance (oz/inch)                        ______________________________________                                         5       X-97041   Renfrew 319                                                                               53                                                6       2036-25   Polyken 2027                                                                              23                                                ______________________________________                                    

The foregoing tests clearly and unequivocally show that the X-97041 tape of the present invention outperforms and is superior to the Polyken 2036 high shear tape at both ambient and elevated temperatures, even after the in situ cross linking of the Polyken 2036 tape.

From the foregoing description, it will thus be seen that the present invention fully solves the stated task of the invention in an elegant manner by providing a high shear tape obviating the disadvantages of the described prior systems.

According to the present invention, only the halogenated butyl is said to be crosslinked, this being done selectively in the Banbury. No crosslinker for the remaining rubber in the mix is present (absent, of course, minute or trace amounts of crosslinker not contemplated by the invention which may possibly be present in the reclaimed butyl of the rubber mix). Any further crosslinking of the adhesive after the Banbury mix is not contemplated nor is it desired.

It should be noted however, that in the practice of the present invention, like that of the patents discussed in the BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION, the rubber mix may and preferably will include reclaimed butyl rubber. As known, butyl rubber is the copolymer of polyisobutylene and isoprene. More specifically, it typically contains about 98.5% by weight of polyisobutylene and about 1.5% by weight of isoprene. When used to manufacture tubes and the like, the isoprene moiety is crosslinked. When the resulting tubes are reclaimed, the rubber is chopped up into pieces, ground and polymerized using live steam. This is then followed by intense milling which produces the reclaimed butyl contemplated for the recited rubber mixes.

One skilled in the art will thus readily comprehend that any rubber mix employed in the practice of this invention and which contains reclaimed butyl rubber will inherently have a percentage of crosslinked rubber, this being the portion of the isoprene moiety which was crosslinked for use in tube manufacture. For this reason, it may be considered not to be technically correct to say that only the halogenated butyl rubber is crosslinked.

However, Applicants believe it will be less confusing to those skilled in the art seeking to understand the metes and bounds of the present invention simply to recite in the description and in the appended claims that only the halogenated butyl is crosslinked, it being understood that this description excludes what crosslinking may occur in any reclaimed butyl as purchased for use in the adhesive coating and which contributes no advantage to the present invention.

In the discussion of the BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION, reference is made in the discussion of U.S. Pat. No. 4,692,352 of Huddleston to the effect that the rubber mix may contain halogenated butyl rubber which may be partially crosslinked by the phenolic resin crosslinker. However, it is pointed out that the degree of partial crosslinking which would occur, assuming halogenated butyl rubber was used in the rubber mix, would still be insufficient to provide the shear resistance contemplated by this invention.

Although the present invention has been described in terms of its intended use as a pipewrap for inground pipes, the uses for the tapes of this invention are not so limited. The present invention is also useful, for example, in providing resistance to shear for pipes above the ground as well as those in the ground.

It will be appreciated that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention herein contemplated. Accordingly, the foregoing description including the examples shall be taken as being illustrative and not in a limiting sense. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A high shear adhesive tape comprising a backing material carrying on one surface thereof a rubber-based adhesive layer, the adhesive layer containing a rubber mix and at least one tackifier agent, the rubber mix including an effective amount of a crosslinked halogenated butyl rubber, the remaining rubber in the mix being non-crosslinked, the adhesive layer further being characterized as being free of any crosslinking agent for the remaining rubber in the mix.
 2. A high shear adhesive tape as defined in claim 1 wherein the rubber mix in the adhesive layer contains up to about 45 percent by weight crosslinked halogenated butyl rubber by weight of the total rubber in the adhesive.
 3. A high shear tape as defined in claim 1 wherein the rubber mix in the adhesive layer contains on the order of 30 percent by weight crosslinked halogenated butyl rubber based on the total weight of the rubber in the adhesive.
 4. A high shear tape as defined in claim 1 wherein the backing material comprises an impact resistant polymeric material.
 5. A high shear tape as defined in claim 1 wherein the backing material comprises a polyolefin.
 6. A high shear tape as defined in claim 1 wherein the remaining rubber in the mix is butyl rubber.
 7. A high shear tape as defined 6 wherein the butyl rubber comprises a mixture of reclaimed butyl rubber and virgin butyl rubber.
 8. A high shear adhesive tape comprising an impact resistant backing material carrying on one surface thereof a rubber-based adhesive layer containing a rubber mix and at least one tackifying agent, the rubber mix consisting of an effective amount of a crosslinked halogenated butyl rubber, the remaining rubber in the mix being non-crosslinked butyl rubber, the adhesive layer further being characterized as being free of any crosslinking agent for the butyl rubber.
 9. A high shear tape as defined in claim 8 wherein the butyl rubber is a mixture of reclaimed butyl rubber and virgin butyl rubber.
 10. A high shear tape as defined in claim 8 wherein the amount of crosslinked halogenated butyl rubber in the adhesive is on the order of 30 percent by weight, based on the total weight of rubber in the adhesive.
 11. A protective pipewrap system comprising, in combination, a primer coating adapted for coating the outer surface of a pipe; and a high shear adhesive tape adapted to be wound over the primer coating on the pipe's surface, the tape comprising a backing material carrying on one surface thereof a rubber-based adhesive layer containing a rubber mix and at least one tackifier agent, the rubber mix including an effective amount of a crosslinked halogenated butyl rubber, the remaining rubber in the mix being non-crosslinked, the adhesive layer further being characterized as being free of any crosslinking agent for the remaining rubber in the mix; and the primer coating also being free of any crosslinking agent for the remaining rubber in the mix.
 12. A protective pipewrap system as defined in claim 11 wherein the rubber mix in the adhesive layer contains up to 45 percent by weight of crosslinked halogenated butyl rubber based on the total weight of the rubber in the adhesive.
 13. A protective pipewrap system as defined in claim 11 wherein the primer coating comprises at least one rubber and a tackifier.
 14. A protective pipewrap as defined in claim 11 wherein the remaining rubber in the adhesive mix of the tape is butyl rubber.
 15. An article of manufacture comprising a metal pipe; a rubber-based primer coating covering the outer surface of the pipe; and an adhesive tape wound over the primer coating, the adhesive tape being a tape as defined in claim
 1. 